Peripheral neuropathy is the result of damage to the nerves that run from the spinal cord (central nervous system) to the rest of the body (peripheral nervous system). Symptoms include numbness, tingling, throbbing, burning and pain. Sometimes patients describe a feeling like they are wearing gloves or socks when they are not.
Peripheral neuropathy presents in different ways. It can affect the sensory nerves that receive sensation information, or motor nerves that control muscle movement, or both. It typically affects the longest nerves in the body first. Symptoms begin in the toes and slowly spread to involve the feet and legs. Eventually the fingers and hands may also be affected. Occasionally it also affects the autonomic nerves that control important body functions such as blood pressure, sweating, bowel and bladder function.
Peripheral neuropathy has many different causes. One of the most common causes of neuropathy is impaired blood glucose control and diabetes. Alcohol is another common cause. In some cases the cause may be genetic and other family members are also affected. In a third of patients with neuropathy, no specific cause is found the the peripheral neuropathy is described as idiopathic.
Symptoms typically progress slowly over years. However, if symptoms progress more rapidly (over weeks or months), or there is significant weakness, then referral to a neurologist may be indicated. Early diagnosis and treatment offers the best chance for controlling symptoms and preventing further damage to nerves.
Nerve conduction studies may be recommended to evaluate nerve function. The test involves placing small electrodes on the skin and stimulating the nerve with a small electrical shock. Nerve conduction studies can confirm the diagnosis of neuropathy and the extent of the problem.
Treatment goals are to manage the underlying condition and to relieve symptoms. Medication can help relieve the symptoms of neuropathy. Exercise, particularly aerobic, balance and resistance exercises may also be helpful.
